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Un accord sans précédent pour lutter contre le réchauffement climatique a été adopté hier à Paris by Hôtel★★★ Restaurant gourmand Coco Lodge Majunga.

At the end of two weeks of UN climate conference, intense negotiations led to the adoption of an agreement to limit global warming to worldwide. Laurent Fabius, french Foreign Minister and president of the COP, has indicated that the agreement was "accepted" after finding that it had no objections among the parties. A huge clamor and applause followed this adoption for several minutes.

The French Presidency submitted its final draft agreement
The French Presidency has presented Saturday 12 December at 11:30 her agree final project to representatives of 195 country, in a plenary session, charged with emotion and punctuated with applause.

The text adopted by the 195 is country of the COP21 the revolutionary agreement announced by the French Presidency ?

An unprecedented agreement to combat global warming, whose unpublished speed threatens the planet's climatic disasters, has been adopted, Saturday 12 December, in Paris, in a concert of applause by 195 country, After several years of extremely difficult negotiations.

“I don't see any objection in the room (…) I declare the agreement of Paris adopted climate”, has said, very moved, Laurent Fabius, the french Minister of Foreign Affairs and president of the 21st UN climate conference, by shooting down his gavel on the Panel.

A standing ovation for several minutes then took place in the room, six years after the fiasco of the Copenhagen COP, who had failed to seal such an agreement.

French Ambassador Laurence Tubiana, right arm of Laurent Fabius, a long hugs Christina Figueres, the UN climate head, until the president François Holland joined them briefly to the rostrum. The cheers of the room, they are are all taken by the hand.

“History”, one “turning point in the fight against global warming” or “a ray of hope”. The atmosphere was already the triumphalism in the aisles of the Bourget, a few hours earlier, While the COP21 was at an end, Saturday afternoon. Policies, delegates encountered on-site and same NGOs underline all the scope without precedent of a text which legally binding 195 country.

But there is water in the wine of victory as soon as you scratch a little below the surface of 31 pages of the final document. Many obligations are drafted in such a way “[that]We must see how States apply this text at the national level before you rejoice”, says Tim Gore, an official from Oxfam. Explanation of the commitments.

The objective of 1,5 ° C
The preamble to the agreement stresses, for the first time in the history of the COP, the longer term objective of “limit the temperature rise to 1,5 ° C”, even if the primary purpose is to stay under the 2 ° C. This inclusion is the surprise of the COP21, and can be seen as “the moral victory of the countries most vulnerable”, considers Tim Gore.
Problem : “The rest of the text is not consistent with the objective of maximum increased 1,5 ° C”, considers Mohamed Adow, of the NGO Christian Aid. There is no, According to, not enough of commitments in the short term to achieve. There is thus nothing about decarbonisation or the development of renewable energy,

The financial aspect
“Those who speak of victory on this agreement should read more in detail the part concerning finance", assure Brandon Wu, Councillor for the NGOs Action Aid. The final text is according to him “worse in this regard than the previous draft”.
The text merely to provide a possible increase in payments to poor countries, making of 100 billion, promised in 2009, a simple “floor”. Rich countries will be able to meet this “floor”, but they are not obliged.

The return of the human rights
The final text makes reference to the “obligations in terms of protection of the rights of man” in its preamble. This is a victory because, This reminder was missing in the previous version of the agreement.
This gives a “some legal basis” to defend the rights of those who have been victims of abuse in environmental conflicts, as in illegal deforestation, ensures Teresa Anderson, the question for Action Aid specialist. It regrets, however, that human rights are confined to the preamble. “If the reference was present in the agreement itself, There would be a stronger legal obligation into account”, She says.

Adaptation
It is the assistance provided by States “rich” in the countries most affected by climate change to address. An entire article is devoted to the obligations of the developed countries. They are, first, financial. The agreement in fact only a part of the Green Fund (the 100 $ billion per year from 2020) must be devoted to this issue.
But the language is disappointing : the poorest countries wanted that 50 % money is allocated to the adaptation and 50 % emission reduction efforts. Developed countries have obtained that no target is written black on white. A blur who did tell several NGOs that the voice of the poorest was not actually heard.
It is also question of technology transfers to better combat the consequences of global warming. An entire article organizes a mechanism that allows developed countries to benefit the poorest of technological innovations.

The revision of the commitments
Promises of emission reduction made by the parties to the agreement before the start of the COP21 are not enough to stay under the bar to an increase of 2 ° C temperatures in 2100. Should therefore provide a mechanism to remedy. The text establishes a system of periodic review of commitments (every five years).
It is a good thing, because some countries did not want to hear about it, as the oil powers. But the first mandatory revisions to the increase in commitments do not have to be made before 2024. “It's too late”, ensures the Hulot Foundation which, like other NGOs and countries “poor”, wants that the revision process began in 2018. Wait 2024, According to them, condemns the world to exceed an increase of 1,5 ° C temperatures.

Loss and damage
“This is the first time that a climate agreement has an entire paragraph on the recognition of losses and damages”, enthuses a delegate of the Comorres contacted by France 24. It is recognized that pollution caused by the developed countries had an irreversible impact on certain territories. This can give result in international recognition of climate refugee, for example.
"It is a good thing in appearance, but the text itself is rather disappointing on this point”, Sorry Gerry Arrances, Coordinator of the Philippine movement for climate justice. Article that deals with this question excludes, Indeed, to be able to engage the responsibility of a polluter State and to claim compensation. “The United States absolutely did not want and it is difficult to fight against them", recognizes this activist.

More transparency
The States undertake to make a point every two years on the progress made to limit greenhouse gas emissions. It is a way to put pressure on countries that did not appear in the text.
The text, Although imperfect, establishes a consensus between the parties on most of the topics raised before the start of negotiations. Remains a last problem : He will return in force if 50 countries ratify.

The real test for the Paris agreement therefore began in the spring 2016, When the process of ratification by the national parliaments will begin.

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